Alejandro Iglesias Essays (1132 words) - Human Development

Alejandro Iglesias Sociology Family and Marriage Experience January 9th, 2017 Essay IV In this essay, we will take a look at some of the different theories of family and personal development and how they coincide with one another. We will also analyze the roles of married couples as they grow older with children and the role of each typical individual family member in a hypothetical nuclear family setup. We will begin by looking at Erikson's eight development stages. 1. Learning Basic Trust Versus Basic Mistrust (Hope) Chronologically, this is the period of infancy through the first one or two years of life. The child when well cared for , develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly handled, he or she becomes insecure and mistrustful. 2. Learning Autonomy Versus Shame (Will) The second psychosocial crisis, Erikson believes, occurs during early childhood, probably between about 18 months or 2 years and 3 to 4 years of age. The well cared for child is learning new motor skills and abilities (such as how to use the restroom). This gives basic sense of accomplishment that when well nurtured can be projected into feelings of being proud versus ashamed. 3. Learning Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose) Erikson believes that this third psychosocial crisis occurs during what he calls the "play age," or the later preschool years . During it, the healthily developing child learns: to imagine, broadening his skills through active play of a ll sorts, including fantasy, to cooperate with others and to lead as well as to follow. 4. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence) Erikson believes that the fourth psychosocial crisis is handled, for better or worse, during what he calls the "school age," presumably up to and possibly including some of junior high school. Here the child learns to master the more formal skills of life . The child who, because of his successive and successful resolutions of earlier psychosocial crisis, is trusting, autonomous, and full of initiative will learn easily enough to be industrious. However, the mistrusting child wi ll doubt the future. The shame and guilt filled child will experience defeat and inferiority. 5. Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Fidelity) During the fifth psychosocial crisis adolescence, from about 13 or 14 to about 20 the child, now an adolescent, learns how to answer satisfactorily and happily the question of "Who am I?" But even the best - adjusted of adolescents experiences some role identity diffusion: most boys and probably most girls experiment with minor delinquency; rebellion flourishes; self - doubts flood the youngster, and so on. 6. Learning Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love) The successful young adult, for the first time, can experience true intimacy - the sort of intimacy that makes possible good marriage or a genuine and enduring friendship. 7. Learning Generatively Versus Self-Absorption (Care) In adulthood, the psychosocial crisis demands generativity , both in the sense of marriage and parenthood, and in the sense of working productively and creatively. 8. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom) If the other seven psychosocial crisis have been successfully resolved, the mature adult develops the peak of adjustment; integrity. He trusts, he is independent and dares the new. He works hard, has found a well - defined role in life, and has developed a self-concept with which he is happy. He can be intimate without strain, guilt, regret, or lack of realism; and he is proud of what he creates - his children, his work, or his hobbies. If one or more of the earlier psychosocial crises have not been resolved, he may view himself and his life with disgust and despair. 1 - Married couples (no children) 2 - Childbearing families (oldest child aged birth to 30 months) 3- Families with preschool children (oldest child aged 2 to 6 years) 4 - Families with school children (oldest child aged 6 to 13 years) 5 - Families with teenagers (oldest child aged 13 to 20 years) 6 - Families launching young adults (stage begins when oldest child leaves home and ends when youngest child leaves home) 7 - Middle-aged parents (stage begins with empty nest and ends at start of retirement) 8 - Aging family members (stage begins with spouses' retirement and ends at their deaths) I would expect the marital satisfaction rate to be